Acceso y prácticas de higiene menstrual en América Latina: revisión de alcance / Menstrual hygiene access and practices in Latin America: scoping review / Acesso e práticas de higiene menstrual na América Latina: revisão de escopo

Objetivo: sintetizar la evidencia disponible relacionada con el acceso y las prácticas de higiene menstrual en América Latina y el Caribe. Método: revisión de alcance de la literatura con protocolo de investigación registrado en el Open Science Framework, realizada en las bases de datos bibliográficas: PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science y Portal Regional da Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde. Los datos fueron analizados mediante estadística descriptiva simple y análisis temático. Resultados: se incluyeron 15 publicaciones, la mayoría de las cuales trataban sobre adolescentes en Brasil: 12 artículos, dos informes técnicos y una monografía de trabajo de conclusión de curso. Como temas recurrentes en las publicaciones se destacan: acceso a condiciones dignas para el manejo de la higiene menstrual; necesidad de acceso a información sobre el manejo de la higiene menstrual; y prácticas para el manejo de la higiene menstrual. Conclusión: adolescentes informan dificultades para acceder a baños, agua y materiales absorbentes, y falta de información sobre la salud menstrual, incluso en las escuelas, lo que lleva al ausentismo escolar. De esta manera, las lagunas en la literatura científica latinoamericana revelan desigualdades y diversidad en las experiencias menstruales interseccionadas por categorías como género, clase social y etnia.

Objective: to synthesize available evidence related to menstrual hygiene access and practices in Latin America and the Caribbean. Method: literature scoping review with research protocol registered in the Open Science Framework, carried out in the bibliographic databases: PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and Portal Regional da Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde. Data were analyzed using simple descriptive statistics and thematic analysis. Results: 15 publications were included, the majority of which addressed adolescents in Brazil: 12 articles, two technical reports and a course conclusion monograph. As recurring themes in the publications, the following stand out: Access to dignified conditions for managing menstrual hygiene; Need for access to information on menstrual hygiene management; and Practices for managing menstrual hygiene. Conclusion: adolescents report difficulties in accessing toilets, water and absorbent materials, and lack of information about menstrual health, including in schools, leading to school absenteeism. Thus, gaps in the Latin American scientific literature reveal inequalities and diversity in menstrual experiences intersected by categories such as gender, social class and ethnicity

Objetivo: sintetizar evidências disponíveis relacionadas ao acesso e práticas de higiene menstrual na América Latina e Caribe. Método: revisão de escopo da literatura com protocolo de pesquisa registrado no Open Science Framework, realizada nas bases de dados bibliográficas: PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science e Portal Regional da Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde. Os dados foram analisados por estatística descritiva simples e análise temática. Resultados: foram incluídas 15 publicações, cuja maioria abordava adolescentes no Brasil: 12 artigos, dois relatórios técnicos e uma monografia de trabalho de conclusão de curso. Como temas recorrentes nas publicações, destacam-se: acesso a condições dignas para o manejo da higiene menstrual; necessidade de acesso à informação sobre manejo da higiene menstrual; e práticas para manejo da higiene menstrual. Conclusão: adolescentes relatam dificuldades de acesso a sanitários, água e materiais absorventes, e falta de informação sobre saúde menstrual, inclusive nas escolas, levando ao absenteísmo escolar. Assim, lacunas na literatura científica latino-americana revelam desigualdades e diversidade nas experiências menstruais interseccionadas por categorias como gênero, classe social e etnia.

Prevalência dos indicadores de saúde pré-concepcional das mulheres brasileiras em idade reprodutiva / Prevalence of preconception health indicators among Brazilian women of reproductive age

Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é avaliar o desempenho de indicadores de saúde pré-concepcional das mulheres brasileiras em idade reprodutiva segundo as características sociodemográficas. Estudo epidemiológico e descritivo com dados de 21.645 e 25.228 mulheres que responderam à Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde de 2013 e 2019 e provenientes do DATASUS de 2010 a 2020. Estimou-se a prevalência de indicadores, segundo características sociodemográficas, e as diferenças estatísticas por meio do teste qui-quadrado de Pearson. Calculou-se a taxa de incidência dos indicadores de sífilis e HIV. Houve aumento da prevalência de indicadores que se referem ao acesso aos serviços de saúde (consultas médica, odontológica e realização de Papanicolau recente). Contudo, houve aumento da hipertensão, do consumo de álcool e da obesidade. Observou-se manutenção da prevalência do uso de contraceptivo e tratamento de fertilidade. Além disso, a taxa de incidência da sífilis aumentou sete vezes entre 2010-2020. Os resultados foram ainda piores entre mulheres de baixa escolaridade, pretas/pardas, com maior paridade e do Norte/Nordeste. Apesar do aumento no acesso aos serviços de saúde, houve piora do desempenho de indicadores de saúde pré-concepcional, e manutenção das iniquidades em saúde.

Abstract This article aims to evaluate the performance of preconception health indicators according to sociodemographic characteristics among Brazilian women of reproductive age. We conducted a descriptive epidemiological study using data from 21,645 and 25,228 women, respectively, who responded the 2013 and 2019 national health surveys, and data for the period 2010 to 2020 derived from the national health system's Department of Informatics (DATASUS). We calculated the prevalence of indicators according to sociodemographic characteristics and statistical significance of differences was measured using Pearson's chi-squared test. Syphilis and HIV incidence rates were also calculated. There was an increase in the prevalence of access to health service indicators (medical and dental consultations and recent Pap smear). However, there was an increase in the prevalence of hypertension, alcohol use, and obesity. The prevalence of use of contraceptive methods and fertility treatment remained stable. Syphilis incidence increased sevenfold between 2010 and 2020. Black/brown women with a low level of education, higher parity, and living in the North or Northeast performed worse for preconception health indicators. Despite the increase in access to health services, performance on preconception health indicators declined and health inequities continued.

Menstrual hygiene access and practices in Latin America: scoping review. / Acceso y prácticas de higiene menstrual en América Latina: revisión de alcance.

OBJECTIVE: to synthesize available evidence related to menstrual hygiene access and practices in Latin America and the Caribbean. METHOD: literature scoping review with research protocol registered in the Open Science Framework, carried out in the bibliographic databases: PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and Portal Regional da Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde. Data were analyzed using simple descriptive statistics and thematic analysis. RESULTS: 15 publications were included, the majority of which addressed adolescents in Brazil: 12 articles, two technical reports and a course conclusion monograph. As recurring themes in the publications, the following stand out: Access to dignified conditions for managing menstrual hygiene; Need for access to information on menstrual hygiene management; and Practices for managing menstrual hygiene. CONCLUSION: adolescents report difficulties in accessing toilets, water and absorbent materials, and lack of information about menstrual health, including in schools, leading to school absenteeism. Thus, gaps in the Latin American scientific literature reveal inequalities and diversity in menstrual experiences intersected by categories such as gender, social class and ethnicity. HIGHLIGHTS: (1) Lack of access to hygiene products, toilets and water for personal hygiene. (2) Invisibility of the problem of period poverty in Latin America. (3) Lack of physical structure in schools aggravates and leads to school absenteeism. (4) Menstrual health literacy was insufficient for the demands of adolescents. (5) Primary studies on menstrual hygiene in Latin America are scarce.

Time trends and social inequalities in infant and young child feeding practices: national estimates from Brazil's Food and Nutrition Surveillance System, 2008-2019.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the time trends and socio-economic inequalities in infant and young child feeding practices in accordance with the Brazilian deprivation index (BDI). DESIGN: This time-series study analysed the prevalence of multiple breast-feeding and complementary feeding indicators based on data from the Brazilian Food and Nutrition Surveillance System, 2008-2019. Prais-Winsten regression models were used to analyse time trends. Annual percent change (APC) and 95 % CI were calculated. SETTING: Primary health care services, Brazil. PARTICIPANTS: Totally, 911 735 Brazilian children under 2 years old. RESULTS: Breast-feeding and complementary feeding practices differed between the extreme BDI quintiles. Overall, the results were more favourable in the municipalities with less deprivation (Q1). Improvements in some complementary feeding indicators were observed over time and evidenced such disparities: minimum dietary diversity (Q1: Δ 47·8-52·2 %, APC + 1·44, P = 0·006), minimum acceptable diet (Q1: Δ 34·5-40·5 %, APC + 5·17, P = 0·004) and consumption of meat and/or eggs (Q1: Δ 59·7-80·3 %, APC + 6·26, P < 0·001; and Q5: Δ 65·7-70·7 %, APC + 2·20, P = 0·041). Stable trends in exclusive breast-feeding and decreasing trends in the consumption of sweetened drinks and ultra-processed foods were also observed regardless the level of the deprivation. CONCLUSIONS: Improvements in some complementary food indicators were observed over time. However, the improvements were not equally distributed among the BDI quintiles, with children from the municipalities with less deprivation benefiting the most.

Refugees and access to employment in Brazil: implications for health and sociability / Refugiados y acceso al empleo en Brasil: implicaciones para la salud y la sociabilidad / Refugiados e o acesso ao emprego no Brasil: implicações na saúde e sociabilidade

ABSTRACT This is a reflective study with the objective of analyzing the possibilities of access to employment by refugees in the Brazilian territory, in view of the socio-legal conditions in Brazil, understanding the relationship between work and health. Refugees experience the penalty of restricted access to employment, which has a significant impact on their lives. By remaining disconnected from work, they are pushed to the margins of society. In addition to this, they face difficulties in accessing adequate housing, healthcare services, education, healthy food, among others, all of which deeply affect their way of life in a foreign country with a different culture. The work becomes relevant in the discussion about access to health, goods and services necessary to live with dignity, and its implications in the work-health-disease relationship. Collaborative actions at a global level are necessary to ensure that employment opportunities are available for refugees. In this regard, this reflection articulates two basic ideas: the recognition of the importance of work in social life and living conditions, and the understanding that the determination of the health-disease process goes beyond the biological and individual choices, having historicity and a social and cultural character.

RESUMEN Se trata de un estudio reflexivo con el objetivo de analizar las posibilidades de acceso al empleo por refugiados en el territorio brasileño, frente a las condiciones socio-jurídicas en Brasil, comprendiendo la relación entre trabajo y salud. Los refugiados experimentan la penalización del acceso al empleo como el mayor impacto en sus vidas, ya que al mantenerse alejados del trabajo, se les coloca en los márgenes de la sociedad. A esto se suman las dificultades para acceder a una vivienda adecuada, servicios de salud, educación, alimentación saludable, entre otros, con profundas implicaciones en la forma de vida en un país y cultura diferentes. El trabajo adquiere relevancia en la discusión sobre el acceso a la salud, los bienes y servicios necesarios para vivir con dignidad y sus repercusiones en la relación trabajo-salud-enfermedad, requiriendo acciones colaborativas a nivel global para asegurar que haya empleo disponible para los refugiados. En ese sentido, esta reflexión articula dos ideas básicas: el reconocimiento de la importancia del trabajo en la vida social y en las condiciones de vida, y la comprensión de que la determinación del proceso salud-enfermedad va más allá de las elecciones biológicas e individuales, teniendo una historicidad y carácter social y cultural

RESUMO Trata-se de estudo reflexivo com o objetivo de analisar as possibilidades de acesso ao emprego por refugiados no território brasileiro, frente às condições sociojurídicas do Brasil, compreendendo as relações entre trabalho e saúde. Os refugiados vivenciam a penalização de acesso ao emprego com maior impacto em sua vida, pois ao manterem-se afastados do trabalho, são colocados à margem da sociedade. Somam-se a isto as dificuldades de acesso a moradias adequadas, aos serviços de saúde, educação, alimentação saudável, dentre outros, com implicações profundas no modo de viver em um país distinto do seu e de sua cultura. O trabalho adquire relevância na discussão sobre o acesso à saúde, bens e serviços necessários para viver com dignidade e suas repercussões na relação trabalho-saúde-doença, sendo necessárias ações colaborativas em nível global para garantir que o emprego esteja disponível para refugiados. Neste sentido, a presente reflexão articula duas ideias básicas: reconhecimento da importância do trabalho na vida social e nas condições de vida; e que a determinação do processo saúde-doença ultrapassa o biológico e as escolhas individuais, tendo uma historicidade e caráter social e cultural.

Mix contraceptivo e fatores associados ao tipo de método usado pelas mulheres brasileiras: estudo transversal de base populacional / Contraceptive mix and factors associated with the type of method used by Brazilian women: a population-based cross-sectional study / Combinación anticonceptiva y factores asociados al tipo de método utilizado por las mujeres brasileñas: un estudio transversal de base poblacional

O objetivo deste estudo é descrever o mix contraceptivo e analisar os fatores associados ao tipo de contraceptivo usado pelas mulheres brasileiras em idade reprodutiva. Trata-se de estudo transversal, de base populacional, com dados de 19.962 mulheres de 15 a 49 anos. Os desfechos foram uso e tipo de contraceptivo, classificados em: contraceptivos reversíveis de curta duração (SARC), longa duração (LARC) e permanentes. As variáveis explicativas foram: características da história reprodutiva, sociodemográficas e de acesso aos serviços de saúde. Utilizou-se a regressão logística multinomial para estimativas da odds ratio (OR), tendo os SARC como categoria de referência. As análises foram realizadas no módulo survey do software Stata, que considerou o efeito do plano amostral complexo da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde de 2019. A prevalência do uso de contraceptivos foi de 83,7%. Do total de usuárias, 72% usavam SARC, 23,2% métodos permanentes e 4,8%, LARC. Mulheres com maior escolaridade, plano de saúde, que tiveram partos e participaram de grupos de planejamento reprodutivo tiveram maior chance de usar LARC na comparação com o uso de SARC, enquanto o cadastro na unidade básica de saúde se associou a menor chance de uso. Ainda, quanto maior a idade e paridade, além de viver com o companheiro, maior a chance de usar métodos permanentes em relação ao uso de SARC. Apesar da elevada cobertura de contracepção, o mix contraceptivo permanece obsoleto, com predomínio do uso de SARC. Além disso, observou-se importante desigualdade de acesso, sendo os LARC acessíveis apenas por mulheres com melhores condições socioeconômicas, enquanto os métodos permanentes foram associados a um perfil de maior vulnerabilidade social.

This study aims to describe the contraceptive mix and analyze the factors associated with the type of contraceptive used by Brazilian women of reproductive age. This is a cross-sectional, population-based study with data from 19,962 women aged 15 to 49 years. The outcomes were use and type of contraceptive, classified as: short-acting reversible contraceptives (SARC), long-acting (LARC), and permanent. The explanatory variables were characteristics of reproductive history, sociodemographic history, and access to health services. Multinomial logistic regression was used for odds ratio (OR) estimates, with SARC being the reference category. The analyses were performed in the Survey module of the Stata software, which considered the effect of the complex sampling plan of the 2019 Brazilian National Health Survey. The prevalence of contraceptive use was 83.7%. Of the total number of users, 72% used SARC, 23.2% permanent methods, and 4.8% LARC. Women with higher education, health insurance, who had deliveries, and who participated in reproductive planning groups had a higher chance of using LARC when compared with the use of SARC, while registration at the basic health unit was associated with a lower chance of use. Still, the higher the age and parity, in addition to living with the partner, the greater the chance of using permanent methods in relation to the use of SARC. Despite the high coverage of contraception, the contraceptive mix remains obsolete, with a predominance of the use of SARC. In addition, important inequalities in access were observed, with LARC being accessible only to women with better socioeconomic conditions, while permanent methods were associated with a profile of greater social vulnerability.

El objetivo fue describir la combinación anticonceptiva y analizar los factores asociados al tipo de anticonceptivo usado por las mujeres brasileñas en edad reproductiva. Estudio transversal, de base poblacional, con datos de 19.962 mujeres de 15 a 49 años. Los resultados fueron el uso y el tipo de anticonceptivo, clasificados en: anticonceptivos reversibles de corta duración (SARC), de larga duración (LARC) y permanentes. Las variables explicativas fueron características de la historia reproductiva, sociodemográficas y de acceso a los servicios de salud. Se utilizó la regresión logística multinomial para las estimaciones de la odds ratio (OR), siendo los SARC la categoría de referencia. Los análisis fueron realizados en el módulo survey, del software Stata, que consideró el efecto del sistema de muestreo complejo de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud de 2019. La prevalencia del uso de anticonceptivos fue del 83,7%. Del total de usuarias, 72% usaban SARC, el 23,2% métodos permanentes y el 4,8% LARC. Las mujeres con mayor educación, plan de salud, que tuvieron partos y participaron de grupos de planificación reproductiva tuvieron mayor posibilidad de usar LARC cuando comparados al uso de SARC, mientras que el registro en la unidad básica de salud se asoció con una menor posibilidad de uso. Además, cuanto mayor sea la edad y la paridad, además de vivir con el compañero, mayor será la posibilidad de utilizar métodos permanentes en relación con el uso de SARC. A pesar de la alta cobertura de anticoncepción, la combinación anticonceptiva sigue siendo obsoleta, con un uso predominante de SARC. Además, se observaron importantes desigualdades en el acceso, siendo los LARC accesibles solo para mujeres con mejores condiciones socioeconómicas, mientras que los métodos permanentes se asociaron con un perfil de mayor vulnerabilidad social.

Management in the Family Health Strategy: workloads and structured institutional violence.

OBJECTIVES: to understand the relationship between workloads and institutional violence in Family Health Strategy managers' practice. METHODS: qualitative research using theoretical triangulation and data from semi-structured interviews. Participants were 35 managers of Basic Health Units in the five Regions of Brazil, who worked in the Family Health Strategy. We used thematic analysis and ATLAS.ti for data analysis. RESULTS: workloads were analyzed, showing relationships with institutional violence. Thematic categories emerged: "related to the management work itself"; "related to other instances of health system management"; "related to users and community". There was an interrelationship between increased managers' workloads and institutional violence. FINAL CONSIDERATIONS: the Family Health Strategy is relevant for universal access to health and requires favorable institutional conditions for its effectiveness. Adverse scenarios lead to increased workloads, approaching institutional violence.

Prevalência de indicadores de saúde sexual e reprodutiva dos adolescentes brasileiros: análise comparativa da pesquisa nacional de saúde do escolar 2015 e 2019 / Prevalencia de indicadores de salud sexual y reproductiva de los adolescentes brasileños: análisis comparativo de la encuesta nacional de salud escolar 2015 y 2019 / Prevalence of brazilian adolescents' sexual and reproductive health indicators: a comparative analysis of the 2015 and 2019 national school health survey

RESUMO Objetivo: comparar estimativas de prevalência de indicadores de saúde sexual e reprodutiva dos adolescentes brasileiros que participaram das edições 2015 e 2019 da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar (PeNSE). Método: estudo transversal que analisou dados de adolescentes escolares de 13 a 17 anos de idade respondentes da PeNSE 2015 e 2019. Estimou-se a prevalência dos indicadores com intervalos de 95% de confiança de acordo com o sexo, a faixa etária, a dependência administrativa da escola e a região. Resultados: destaca-se o aumento da prevalência de iniciação sexual precoce entre os mais novos, 171,2% entre os meninos e 425,2% entre as meninas. Também houve aumento da prevalência de gravidez na adolescência nas regiões Nordeste (376,9%) e Sudeste (416,6%), entre as mais jovens. Entre os adolescentes de 16 e 17 anos, houve redução do uso de preservativo na última relação e aumento na prevalência de recebimento de orientações sobre prevenção de gravidez e sobre HIV/Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis, entre os estudantes de escolas públicas. Houve redução na prevalência de acesso a essas orientações nas escolas privadas entre os mais jovens. Em 2019, observou-se redução no uso de pílulas anticoncepcionais entre as adolescentes mais novas das regiões Norte, Sudeste e Centro-Oeste. Conclusão: houve piora na prevalência dos comportamentos sexuais de risco em adolescentes brasileiros, incluindo o aumento da gravidez em algumas regiões do país. Ressalta-se a importância da cooperação entre os serviços de saúde e de educação, que devem estar alinhados para promover melhores hábitos de vida, destacando os de saúde sexual e reprodutiva entre os jovens.

RESUMEN Objetivo: comparar las estimaciones de prevalencia de los indicadores de salud sexual y reproductiva de los adolescentes brasileños que participaron en las ediciones 2015 y 2019 de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud Escolar (PeNSE). Método: estudio transversal que analizó los datos de los adolescentes escolares de 13 a 17 años encuestados en la PeNSE 2015 y 2019. La prevalencia de los indicadores se estimó con intervalos de confianza del 95% según el sexo, el grupo de edad, la dependencia administrativa del centro escolar y la región. Resultados: Se distingue el aumento de la prevalencia de la iniciación sexual precoz, entre los más jóvenes, 171,2% entre los chicos y 425,2% entre las chicas. También hubo aumento de la prevalencia de embarazo en la adolescencia en las regiones Nordeste (376,9%) y Sudeste (416,6%), entre los más jóvenes. Entre los adolescentes de 16 y 17 años, hubo reducción del uso del preservativo en la última relación y aumento en la prevalencia de recibir orientación sobre prevención de embarazo y sobre VIH/infecciones sexualmente transmisibles, entre los alumnos de escuelas públicas. La prevalencia del acceso a esta orientación en las escuelas privadas se redujo entre los más jóvenes. En 2019, se redujo el uso de píldoras anticonceptivas entre los adolescentes más jóvenes de las regiones Norte, Sureste y Centro-Oeste. Conclusión: hubo un empeoramiento de la prevalencia de los comportamientos sexuales de riesgo en los adolescentes brasileños, incluyendo un aumento de los embarazos en algunas regiones del país. Se destaca la importancia de la cooperación entre los servicios sanitarios y educativos, que deben estar alineados, para promover mejores hábitos de vida, destacando los de salud sexual y reproductiva entre los jóvenes.

ABSTRACT Objective: to compare prevalence estimates of sexual and reproductive health indicators among Brazilian adolescents who participated in the 2015 and 2019 editions of the National School Health Survey (Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar, PeNSE). Method: a cross-sectional study that analyzed data from in-school adolescents aged from 13 to 17 years old who answered the 2015 and 2019 editions of PeNSE. Prevalence of the indicators was estimated with 95% confidence intervals according to gender, age group, the school's administrative system and region. Results: the increase in the prevalence of early initiation of sexual activity stands out among the youngest adolescents: 171.2% in the boys and 452.2% in the girls. An increase in the prevalence of teenage pregnancy was also recorded in the Northeast (376.9%) and Southeast (416.6%) regions in the youngest subjects. Among the in-school adolescents aged 16 and 17 from public institutions there was a reduction in condom use in the last intercourse and an increase in the prevalence of receiving guidelines on pregnancy prevention and about HIV/Sexually Transmitted Infections. There was a reduction in the prevalence of access to these guidelines in private schools among the youngest students. In 2019, a reduction in the use of contraceptive pills was observed among the youngest female adolescents from the North, Southeast and Midwest regions. Conclusion: the prevalence of risk sexual behaviors worsened among Brazilian adolescents, including an increase in the number of pregnancies in some regions of the country. The importance of cooperation between the health and education services is emphasized, which should be aligned to promote better life habits, with those related to sexual and reproductive health among young people standing out.

Health impacts caused by excessive sodium consumption in Brazil: results of the GBD 2019 study.

INTRODUCTION: Excessive sodium consumption is associated with increased blood pressure, which is an important risk factor for non-communicable diseases (NCDs). This study therefore aimed to describe the burden of NCDs attributable to excessive sodium consumption among Brazilians. METHODS: This observational study used mortality and Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALY) rates, and their respective uncertainty intervals (UI), from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 (GBD 2019). The burden was obtained by the population attributable fraction of each NCD, considering the minimum theoretical value of risk (intake of 0-3g of sodium/day); the excessive consumption proportion in the population, obtained through population inquiries; and the relative risks obtained through meta-analyses. RESULTS: Excessive sodium consumption was the third highest dietary risk contributing to deaths (30,814; 95% UI = 2,034 - 84,130) and DALYs (699,119; 95% UI= 43,130 - 1,914,066) in 2019. States from the Northeast region had the highest age-standardized rates of deaths and DALYs, and the male population was more affected by NCDs caused by excessive sodium consumption. Cardiovascular diseases were the main contributing factors in the burden attributable to excessive sodium consumption. CONCLUSIONS: Regardless of the progress in addressing NCDs related to this risk factor, the impact remains high, especially among men and in the Northeast region. More effective measures are needed to reduce sodium in industrialized products, such as health promotion actions to combat sodium consumption, in order to prevent and control NCDs in Brazil.

Burden of disease attributable to Risk Factors in Brazil: an analysis of national and subnational estimates from the 2019 Global Burden of Disease study.

INTRODUCTION: Monitoring trends in risk factors (RFs) and the burden of diseases attributable to exposure to RFs is an important measure to identify public health advances and current inadequate efforts. Objective: Analyze the global burden of disease attributable to exposure RFs in Brazil, and its changes from 1990 to 2019, according to the sex and age group. METHODS: This study used data from the Global Burden of Disease study. The Summary Exposure Value, which represents weighted prevalence by risk, was used to estimate exposure to RFs. The mortality and DALYs (Disability Adjusted Life Years) measurements were used to estimate the burden of diseases. For comparisons by year and between Brazilian states, age-standardized rates were used. RESULTS: Arterial hypertension was the factor responsible for most deaths in both sexes. For DALYs, the most important RF was the high body mass index (BMI) for women and alcohol consumption for men. Smoking had a substantial reduction in the attributable burden of deaths in the period. An important reduction was identified in the exposure to RFs related to socioeconomic development, such as unsafe water, lack of sanitation, and child malnutrition. Metabolic RFs, such as high BMI, hypertension, and alcohol consumption showed an increase in the attributable burden. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings point to an increase in metabolic RFs, which are the main RFs for mortality and DALYs. These results can help to consolidate and strengthen public policies that promote healthy lifestyles, thus reducing disease and death.

Burden of non-communicable diseases attributable to dietary risks in Brazil, 1990-2019: an analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019.

INTRODUCTION: An unhealthy diet is a modifiable risk factor for non-communicable diseases (NCDs), one of the most important public health problems in Brazil. This study aimed to analyze the burden of NCDs attributable to dietary risks in Brazil between 1990-2019. METHODS: Secondary data from the Global Burden of Disease Study were used to estimate the burden attributable to fifteen dietary risks in Brazil. The main sources of data for Brazil were national surveys and international databases. A comparative risk assessment was used to obtain the population attributable fraction. We described the intake of each dietary risk and the distribution of number and rates of deaths and Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) attributable to diet by sex, age, state, and year from 1990-2019. RESULTS: Cardiovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus, and neoplasms were the main NCDs attributable to an unhealthy diet. Age-standardized mortality and DALYs rates attributable to unhealthy diet decreased between 1990-2019 (-51.5% and -48.8, respectively). Diet high in red meat and sodium, and low in whole grains were the three main risk factors contributing to the burden of NCDs both in 1990 and 2019. The burden of NCDs was higher among males in the middle-aged population (around 50 years), as well as in the states of Maranhão, Rio de Janeiro, and Alagoas. CONCLUSIONS: The present study found a suboptimum diet among the Brazilian population. The major contributors to this burden were diet high in red meat and sodium and low in whole grains. This study supports priorities in public policies on food and nutrition to reduce the burden of NCDs.

Management in the Family Health Strategy: workloads and structured institutional violence / Gestión en la Estrategia de Salud de la Familia: cargas de trabajo y violencia institucional estructurada / Gestão na Estratégia Saúde da Família: cargas de trabalho e violência institucional estruturada

ABSTRACT Objectives: to understand the relationship between workloads and institutional violence in Family Health Strategy managers' practice. Methods: qualitative research using theoretical triangulation and data from semi-structured interviews. Participants were 35 managers of Basic Health Units in the five Regions of Brazil, who worked in the Family Health Strategy. We used thematic analysis and ATLAS.ti for data analysis. Results: workloads were analyzed, showing relationships with institutional violence. Thematic categories emerged: "related to the management work itself"; "related to other instances of health system management"; "related to users and community". There was an interrelationship between increased managers' workloads and institutional violence. Final Considerations: the Family Health Strategy is relevant for universal access to health and requires favorable institutional conditions for its effectiveness. Adverse scenarios lead to increased workloads, approaching institutional violence.

RESUMEN Objetivos: comprender la relación entre cargas de trabajo y violencia institucional en la práctica de gestores de la Estrategia Salud de la Familia. Métodos: investigación cualitativa con triangulación teórica, a través de entrevistas semiestructuradas. Participaron 35 gestores de Unidades Básicas de Salud de las cinco regiones de Brasil que actúan en la Estrategia de Salud de la Familia. Para el análisis de datos se utilizó el software de análisis temático y ATLAS.ti. Resultados: se analizaron las cargas de trabajo, evidenciando relaciones con la violencia institucional. Emergieron categorías temáticas: "relacionadas con el propio trabajo de gestión"; "relacionado con otras instancias de gestión del sistema de salud"; "relacionadas con los usuarios y la población inscrita". Hubo una interrelación entre el aumento de la carga de trabajo de los gerentes y la violencia institucional. Consideraciones Finales: la Estrategia de Salud de la Familia es relevante para el acceso universal a la salud y requiere condiciones institucionales favorables para su efectividad. Los escenarios adversos generan mayores cargas de trabajo, acercándose a la violencia institucional.

RESUMO Objetivos: compreender a relação entre cargas de trabalho e violência institucional na prática dos gestores da Estratégia Saúde da Família. Métodos: pesquisa qualitativa com triangulação teórica, por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas. Participaram 35 gestores de Unidades Básicas de Saúde das cinco regiões do Brasil que atuavam na Estratégia Saúde da Família. Na análise dos dados, utilizaram-se análise temática e o software ATLAS.ti. Resultados: as cargas de trabalho foram analisadas, evidenciando relações com a violência institucional. Surgiram categorias temáticas: "relacionadas com o próprio trabalho de gestão"; "relacionadas com outras instâncias de gestão do sistema de saúde"; "relacionadas aos usuários e população adstrita". Verificou-se inter-relação entre aumento das cargas de trabalho dos gestores e violência institucional. Considerações Finais: a Estratégia Saúde da Família é relevante para o acesso universal à saúde e requer condições institucionais favoráveis para sua efetividade. Cenários adversos geram aumento de cargas de trabalho, aproximando-se da violência institucional.

Arterial hypertension and associated factors: National Health Survey, 2019 / Hipertensão arterial e fatores associados: Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde, 2019

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To analyze the factors associated with self-reported arterial hypertension, as well as its prevalence in the Brazilian adult population. METHODS Data from 88,531 individuals aged 18 years or older who responded to the 2019 National Health Survey were analyzed. The outcome studied was self-reported arterial hypertension. Sociodemographic variables and clinical and lifestyle conditions were considered as exposures. The prevalence ratio (PR), crude and adjusted for sex, age, and schooling was used as a measure of association to verify the factors related to its prevalence, obtained by Poisson regression with robust variance. RESULTS The prevalence of self-reported arterial hypertension was of 23.9% (95%CI: 23.4-24.4). When adjusting for age, sex, and schooling, the adjusted Prevalence Ratios (APR) were higher among: regular health self-assessment (APR = 1.6; 95%CI: 1.5-1.6) and bad health self-assessment (APR = 1.7; 95%CI: 1.6-1.8); self-reference to heart disease (APR = 1.7; 95%CI: 1.6-1.7), diabetes (APR = 1.7; 95%CI: 1.6-1.8), high cholesterol (APR = 1.6; 95%CI: 1.6-1.7), overweight (APR = 1.4; 95%CI: 1.4-1.5), and obesity (APR = 2.0; 95%CI: 1.9-2.1); high salt intake (APR = 1.1; 95%CI: 1.0-1.1); higher among former smokers (APR = 1.1; 95%CI: 1.1-1.2) and lower among smokers (APR = 0.9; 95%CI: 0.8-0.9); and consumption of ultra-processed foods (APR = 0.9; 95%CI: 0.8-0.9). CONCLUSION A quarter of the Brazilian adult population claims to have arterial hypertension, more prevalent among women and associated with older age groups, Black, mixed-race, and others, low schooling, high salt intake, former smoking, presence of comorbidities, and worse health self-assessment.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Analisar os fatores associados à hipertensão arterial autorreferida, bem como sua prevalência, na população de adultos brasileiros. MÉTODOS Foram analisados dados de 88.531 indivíduos de 18 anos ou mais que responderam à Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde de 2019. O desfecho estudado foi a hipertensão arterial autorreferida. Como exposições, foram consideradas variáveis sociodemográficas, condições clínicas e de estilo de vida. Para verificar os fatores associados à prevalência, usou-se como medida de associação a razão de prevalência (RP) bruta e ajustada por sexo, idade e escolaridade, obtidas por meio da Regressão de Poisson com variância robusta. RESULTADOS A prevalência da hipertensão arterial autorreferida foi de 23,9% (IC95% 23,4-24,4). Ao ajustar por idade, sexo e escolaridade, as Razões de Prevalência ajustadas (RPaj) foram mais elevadas entre: auto avaliação de saúde regular (RPaj = 1,6; IC95% 1,5-1,6) e ruim (RPaj = 1,7; IC95% 1,6-1,8); autorreferência a doença do coração (RPaj = 1,7; IC95% 1,6-1,7), diabetes (RPaj = 1,7; IC95% 1,6-1,8), colesterol elevado (RPaj = 1,6; IC95% 1,6-1,7), sobrepeso (RPaj = 1,4; IC95% 1,4-1,5) e obesidade (RPaj = 2,0; IC95% 1,9-2,1); consumo elevado de sal (RPaj = 1,1; IC95% 1,0-1,1); entre ex-fumantes (RPaj = 1,1; IC95% 1,1-1,2) e menor entre fumantes (RPaj = 0,9; IC95% 0,8-0,9) e consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados (RPaj = 0,9; IC95% 0,8-0,9). CONCLUSÃO Um quarto da população adulta brasileira afirma ter hipertensão arterial, de forma mais prevalente entre as mulheres e associada às maiores faixas etárias, cor da pele/raça preta, parda e outras, baixa escolaridade, consumo elevado de sal, ex-tabagismo, presença de comorbidades e pior autoavaliação de saúde.

Time trends and social inequalities in child malnutrition: nationwide estimates from Brazil's food and nutrition surveillance system, 2009-2017.

OBJECTIVE: In Brazil, national estimates of childhood malnutrition have not been updated since 2006. The use of health information systems is an important complementary data source for analysing time trends on health and nutrition. This study aimed to examine temporal trends and socio-demographic inequalities in the prevalence of malnutrition in children attending primary health care services between 2009 and 2017. DESIGN: Time trends study based on data from Brazil's Food and Nutrition Surveillance System. Malnutrition prevalence (stunting, wasting, overweight and double burden) was annually estimated by socio-demographic variables. Prais-Winsten regression models were used to analyse time trends. Annual percent change (APC) and 95 % CI were calculated. SETTING: Primary health care services, Brazil. PARTICIPANTS: Children under 5 years old. RESULTS: In total, 15,239,753 children were included. An increase in the prevalence of overweight (APC = 3·4 %; P = 0·015) and a decline in the prevalence of wasting (-6·2 %; P = 0·002) were observed. The prevalence of stunting (-3·2 %, P = 0·359) and double burden (-1·4 %, P = 0·630) had discrete and non-significant reductions. Despite the significant reduction in the prevalence of undernutrition among children in the most vulnerable subgroups (black, conditional cash transfer's recipients and residents of poorest and less developed areas), high prevalence of stunting and wasting persist alongside a disproportionate increase in the prevalence of overweight in these groups. CONCLUSIONS: The observed pattern in stunting (high and persistent prevalence) and increase in overweight elucidate setbacks in advances already observed in previous periods and stresses the need for social and political strategies to address multiple forms of malnutrition.

Contraception use and family planning inequalities among Brazilian women. / Uso de contracepção e desigualdades do planejamento reprodutivo das mulheres brasileiras.

BACKGROUND: Brazil has shown a considerable decline in fertility rates in recent decades. However, sociodemographic differences still have a direct impact on access to family planning in the country. OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of contraceptive use according to sociodemographic variables among Brazilian women in reproductive age. METHODS: A cross-sectional study conducted with 17,809 women who have responded to the National Health Survey. We estimated the prevalence as well as the 95% confidence intervals and we used Pearson's chi-square test at a significance level of 5% to analyze differences between groups. RESULTS: More than 80% of the women reported to use some contraception method, the most used method was oral contraceptive (34.2%), followed by surgical (25.9%) and condoms (14.5%). Black/Brown, northerly, and low-educated women are more frequently sterilized, while white women, with higher schooling and those living in the south and southeast are the ones who use oral contraception and double protection the most. CONCLUSION: Despite the observed improvements, there was no decrease in the prevalence for not using any CM and there are inequalities in access to contraception in the country.

O Brasil apresentou elevada queda de fecundidade nas últimas décadas. No entanto, diferenças sociodemográficas ainda impactam diretamente no acesso ao planejamento reprodutivo no país. O objetivo deste artigo é estimar a prevalência do uso de métodos contraceptivos (MC) de acordo com variáveis sociodemográficas entre mulheres brasileiras em idade reprodutiva. Trata-se de um estudo transversal que utilizou dados secundários de 17.809 mulheres que responderam à Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde. Estimou-se a prevalência com intervalos de 95% de confiança e utilizou-se o teste qui-quadrado de Pearson com nível de significância de 5%. Mais de 80% das mulheres relataram utilizar algum MC, sendo o contraceptivo oral o mais utilizado (34,2%), seguido dos cirúrgicos (25,9%) e das camisinhas (14,5%). As mulheres pretas/pardas, nortistas e com baixa escolaridade são mais esterilizadas, enquanto as brancas, com maior escolaridade e das regiões Sul e Sudeste são as que mais utilizam contraceptivo oral e dupla proteção. Apesar das melhorias observadas não houve diminuição da prevalência do não uso de MC e ainda existem desigualdades de acesso à contracepção no país.

Nursing practices in the family health strategy in Brazil: interfaces with illness.

OBJECTIVE: To identify Nursing practices in the Family Health Strategy in Brazil and interfaces in the illness of these professionals. METHOD: Qualitative research, carried out in the five Regions of Brazil, with 79 nursing professionals from 20 health units. Data were collected from 2015 to 2017, using interviews, observation and documentary study. The analysis with the aid of the software ATLAS.ti 8.0, guided by the theorization of the Work Process and Workloads. RESULTS: The practices of the care dimension prevailed, followed by the administrative-managerial and educational dimensions. The illness resulting from workloads, predominantly psychic, was related to care practices, potentiated by overload and poor working conditions. CONCLUSION: The centrality of nursing practices in the dimension of care and administrative management characterized the professional work in Primary Care. The findings indicate that improved working conditions may minimize the wear and tear of these professionals in this scenario.

Nursing practices in the family health strategy in Brazil: interfaces with illness / Prácticas de enfermería en la estrategia de salud familiar en Brasil: interfaces con la enfermedad / Práticas da enfermagem na estratégia saúde da família no Brasil: interfaces no adoecimento

ABSTRACT Objective To identify Nursing practices in the Family Health Strategy in Brazil and interfaces in the illness of these professionals. Method Qualitative research, carried out in the five Regions of Brazil, with 79 nursing professionals from 20 health units. Data were collected from 2015 to 2017, using interviews, observation and documentary study. The analysis with the aid of the software ATLAS.ti 8.0, guided by the theorization of the Work Process and Workloads. Results The practices of the care dimension prevailed, followed by the administrative-managerial and educational dimensions. The illness resulting from workloads, predominantly psychic, was related to care practices, potentiated by overload and poor working conditions. Conclusion The centrality of nursing practices in the dimension of care and administrative management characterized the professional work in Primary Care. The findings indicate that improved working conditions may minimize the wear and tear of these professionals in this scenario.

RESUMEN Objetivo Identificar las prácticas de enfermería en la estrategia de salud familiar en Brasil y las posibles interfaces en la enfermedad de estos profesionales. Método Investigación cualitativa, realizada en las cinco Regiones de Brasil, con 79 profesionales de enfermería de 20 unidades de salud. Los datos se recopilaron de 2015 a 2017, mediante entrevistas, observación y estudio documental. El análisis con la ayuda del software ATLAS.ti 8.0, guiado por la teorización del proceso de trabajo y las cargas de trabajo. Resultados Prevalecieron las prácticas de la dimensión asistencial, seguidas de las dimensiones administrativo-gerencial y educativa. La enfermedad resultante de la carga de trabajo, predominantemente psíquica, estaba relacionada con prácticas de cuidado, potenciadas por sobrecarga y malas condiciones de trabajo. Conclusión La centralidad de las prácticas de enfermería en la dimensión de atención y gestión administrativa caracterizou el trabajo profesional en Atención Primaria. Los resultados indican que la mejora de las condiciones de trabajo puede minimizar el desgaste de los trabajadores en este escenario.

RESUMO Objetivo Identificar as práticas da Enfermagem na Estratégia Saúde da Família no Brasil e as interfaces no adoecimento destes profissionais. Método Pesquisa qualitativa, realizada nas cinco regiões do Brasil, com 79 profissionais de enfermagem de 20 unidades de saúde. Os dados foram coletados no período de 2015 a 2017, utilizando-se de entrevistas, observação e estudo documental. A análise, com auxílio do software ATLAS.ti 8.0, foi orientada pela teorização do Processo de Trabalho e de Cargas de Trabalho. Resultados Prevaleceram as práticas da dimensão do cuidado, seguidas das dimensões administrativo-gerencial e educativa. O adoecimento decorrente das cargas de trabalho, predominantemente psíquicas, esteve relacionado às práticas de cuidado, potencializado pela sobrecarga e más condições de trabalho. Conclusão A centralidade das práticas de Enfermagem na dimensão do cuidado e administrativo-gerenciais caracterizou o trabalho profissional na Atenção Primária. Os achados indicam que a melhoria das condições de trabalho pode minimizar o desgaste destes profissionais nesse cenário.

Avaliação da qualidade dos registros de cartões de pré-natal de mulheres urbanas / Evaluación de la calidad de los registros de tarjeta prenatal de mujeres urbanas / Quality assessment of antenatal care home-based records of urban women

Resumo Objetivo Avaliar registros dos cartões de pré-natal de puérperas atendidas em maternidades públicas e privadas. Método Estudo transversal que analisou fotos de 394 cartões de pré-natal de mulheres que participaram da pesquisa Nascer em Belo Horizonte. Os registros foram avaliados quanto ao preenchimento, legibilidade e completude das informações sociodemográficas, clínicas, obstétricas e exames laboratoriais. Resultados Evidenciou-se que 88,5% dos cartões não apresentaram registro do nome da unidade básica de referência, 76,9%, da maternidade de referência e 82,4%, da instituição de realização do pré-natal. A avaliação do edema, o uso de sulfato ferroso e ácido fólico não foram registrados em 55%, 91,1% e 92,6% dos cartões, respectivamente. A ausência de registros no gráfico de peso foi identificada em 86,8% dos cartões, e no de altura uterina, 79,7%. Conclusão e implicações para a prática Existem grandes lacunas no registro do processo de cuidado pré-natal nos cartões e cadernetas, o que pode comprometer a qualidade da assistência e o acompanhamento das gestantes. Os achados apontam para a necessidade da educação permanente em serviço direcionada aos profissionais de saúde, como os enfermeiros, quanto à importância da realização e registro das ações preconizadas no cuidado pré-natal.

Resumen Objetivo Analizar registros de las tarjetas de prenatal de puérperas atendidas en maternidades públicas y privadas. Métodos Estudio transversal, con fotos de 394 tarjetas de prenatal, provenientes de la investigación Nascer em Belo Horizonte (Nacer en Belo Horizonte), que analizó registros en cuanto al llenado, legibilidad y completitud de las informaciones sociodemográficas, clínicas, obstétricas y exámenes de laboratorio. Resultados El 88,5% de las tarjetas no tuvieron registro del nombre de la unidad básica de referencia, el 76,9%, de la maternidad de referencia y el 82,4%, de la institución de realización del prenatal. Evaluación del edema, uso de sulfato ferroso y ácido fólico no se registraron en el 55%, 91,1% y 92,6% de las tarjetas, respectivamente. La ausencia de registros en el gráfico de peso fue identificada en el 86,8% de las tarjetas, y en el 79,7% de altura uterina. Conclusión Existen grandes lagunas en el registro del proceso de asistencia prenatal, pudiendo comprometer la calidad de la asistencia y el acompañamiento de las gestantes. Implicaciones para la práctica Se necesita educación permanente dirigida a profesionales de la salud, como enfermeras, sobre la importancia de llevar a cabo y registrar las acciones recomendadas en la atención prenatal.

Abstract Objective To evaluate the antenatal care (ANC) home-based records of puerperal women attended in public and private maternity hospitals. Methods Cross-sectional study that analyzed photographs of 394 ANC home-based records of women who participated in the research Nascer em Belo Horizonte (Born in Belo Horizonte, in free translation). Records were assessed regarding completeness, legibility and completeness of sociodemographic, clinical, obstetric and laboratory data. Results 88.5% of the cards had no record of the name of the primary care unit of reference, 76.9% of the maternity of reference and 82.4% of the ANC institution. Evaluation of edema, use of ferrous sulfate and folic acid were not registered in 55%, 91.1% and 92.6% of the cards, respectively. The absence of records in the weight chart was identified in 86.8% of the cards, and in the uterine height chart, 79.7%. Conclusions and implications for practice There are large gaps in the registration of the ANC process in the home-based records, which may compromise the quality of care and follow-up of pregnant women. The findings point to the need for permanent education in service directed to health professionals, such as nurses, regarding the importance of carrying out and registering the actions recommended in ANC.

Workloads in the Family Health Strategy: interfaces with the exhaustion of nursing professionals. / Cargas de trabalho na Estratégia Saúde da Família: interfaces com o desgaste dos profissionais de enfermagem.

OBJECTIVE: To identify the workloads of nursing teams working in the Family Health Strategy in the five regions of Brazil and their interfaces with their feelings of exhaustion. METHOD: Qualitative study with nursing professionals from 20 Family Health Units, from eight cities in the five regions of the country. Data were collected through interviews, observation and analyzed according to the precepts of thematic analysis and the theoretical framework of workloads. RESULTS: A total of 79 professionals participated in the study. Workloads were related to structural and managerial problems. Workloads that stood out were psychological workload, due to excessive demands and staff shortages; physiological workload, due to the overload of activities that generate physical pain and exhaustion; physical and mechanical workload, due to inadequacies in the work environment and equipment; biological workload, due to the presence of microorganisms; and chemical workload, due to exposure to dust and smoke. CONCLUSION: The sources that increase workloads are similar in the five regions, indicating that there is a strong influence of psychological and physiological loads on exhaustion among workers. However, workloads are reduced by dividing and planning team actions and by the affinity with the assistance model.